Orders of magnitude examples
- 1ns (10^-9 s)
- Accessing CPU registers
- CPU clock cycles
- 10ns
- L1 and L2 cache access (within a processor core)
- 100ns
- 1μs (10^-6 s)
- Linux system call (e.g., between a C library and the kernel)
- 10μs
- Context switching between Linux threads
- Process a HTTP request using Nginx
- Read a page of data from an SSD
- 100μs
- Write a page of data to an SSD
- Intra-zone network round trip for modern cloud providers
- 1ms (10^-3 s)
- Memcache/Redis get operation
- Intra-region, inter-zone network round trip for modern cloud providers
- 10ms
- us-west to us-east
- us-east to eu-west
- Reading 1GB sequentially from main memory
- 100ms
bcrypyt a password- TLS handshake
- 1s
- Intra-region transfer of 1GB of data over the network